The first image shows gullies in a crater in Terra Sirenum in the southern hemisphere of Mars. This image was acquired during the winter, which explains the abundant frost (the bright material) seen throughout the image. The frost is likely water frost, as opposed to carbon dioxide, because temperatures at this latitude probably do not get cold enough for carbon dioxide to condense.
The formation mechanism of gullies is much debated. Several theories support erosion by liquid water, while others favor dry debris flows or carbon dioxide. A major unknown is, if the gullies are formed by liquid water, does the water originate from the surface or subsurface? Dendritic structures, such as those seen in the alcove
displayed in the subimage (approximately 1.3 km across; 2560 x 3000, 7MB), form from surface runoff on Earth. Water originating in the subsurface would not produce a structure like this. This alcove is evidence for a surface source for the water possibly required to form gullies.
Also interesting about this scene is the fact that the gullies occur at multiple elevations along the same crater wall. This is uncommon on Mars. Gullies, whether or not they are found in conjunction with an obvious horizontal layer, usually form at the same elevation on a given slope. It is unknown what caused these gullies to form at multiple elevations. Their locations are suggestive of a distributed water source, which also favors a surface, rather than a confined subsurface origin of water, such as an aquifer.
The second image shows the formation of the approximately 150 km diameter Holden Crater interrupted the northward flowing Uzboi Vallis channel system. Relief associated with the rim of Holden effectively blocked the channel.
HiRISE image PSP_003710_1530 covers the portion of Holden Crater's rim where it was overtopped by water that had backed up in Uzboi Vallis to the south. Water flowing over the rim in multiple locations eventually focused on a single channel that then cut deeply into the rim. After the impounded water drained into the crater, the steep wall on the east side of the main channel collapsed in a landslide that remains visible along the floor. Several outcroppings of variably bright material are visible in the scar produced by the slide.
Credit: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona
Source:
HiRISE
In this photograph can be seen lunar craters on the moon, and seas of the moon, the darker and flat areas of the Moon. The seas of the moon can be seen with the naked eye, especially when the moon is full and that has the name of seas such as the famous "sea of tanquilo" in which the astronaut Neil A. Armstrong landed on the moon in 1969, never have hosted water inside, are actually lava fields that have been formed at the origin of the Moon. At the bottom left of the picture, you can see these seas. At the top of the picture we can observe craters more clearly.
